How to Write a Research Proposal Essay

The starting point for every paper, be it a term paper or a finals’ paper, should be a thoroughly worked-out research proposal. Investing sufficient time and thought into writing a research proposal will yield a good return and can save you a lot of time, confusion and disappointment when actually writing your paper. A research proposal serves several purposes: – It gives an overview of the relevance and objective of a research project. – It gives an overview of the content, the procedure and the timing of a research project. It shows whether a research project is manageable in scope and timing. A research proposal has six key components: – A title page – An abstract which summarizes the project – A detailed description of the project – A time schedule for the project – An overview of the structure of the paper (Gliederung) – References The following sections give an overview of each component. Although each research prop osal should follow this guideline, you will find that not all sections are (equally) applicable for each project, since every research project is different. For instance, a paper that focusses on literature review or a theoretical analysis requires a somewhat different research proposal than a paper that reports an empirical study. Identify the aspects in each section that are relevant to your paper. In total, the research proposal should not exceed 4-5 pages. Useful resources are listed at the end of this guideline. I. TITLE PAGE Give the title of your research paper, your name, your student ID, your course of study, the semester you are in, your contact details, and the course details for which you are submitting the proposal. II. ABSTRACT The purpose of the abstract is to give the reader a brief introductory summary of the project. The abstract should not be longer than 100-150 words. It should address the following questions: – What is the topic of research? – What is the research question? – Why is this relevant? – How do I study the topic? – What kind of findings do I anticipate? – How will I interpret the findings? – What are the implications of my research paper? (c) November 2007, Holger Hopp 1 Even though the abstract comes first in a research proposal, it is advisable to write it last, i. . once you have spelt out all information in detail in the later sections. III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION In this section, you give a detailed account of what, why and how you are going to write about. Write this section in a goal-directed manner. Do not attempt to give an exhaustive overview of the literature you have read and do not try to look at every angle of a prob lem. Rather, everything in this section should relate clearly to your research question. 1) What is the research question? In the research question, you succinctly express the objective of your paper. If you feel your project cannot be formulated in a research question, there is something wrong with it. Every suitable project addresses a clear research question! 2) Why is this relevant? In this section, you briefly explain why you consider the research question to be relevant. What does your paper add to previous research in the field? 3) What do you want to study/write about? Here, you zoom in on the particular topic/phenomenon/problem your paper addresses to answer the research question. Make clear why your topic, etc. is suitable for answering the research question. ) What did previous research find? In this section, you provide a brief overview of the relevant literature. Typically, you outline the different positions/approaches/theories in the field, identify flaws or lacunae in previous research, pinpoint open questions and show how your study follows up on or relates to previous research. It is important to keep this section goal-oriented and brief. Typically, you do not ne ed to cite more than 5-7 sources in this section. 5) What is your hypothesis? Formulate a clear and testable hypothesis. Unlike the research question, which is open, a hypothesis is a testable statement. 6) How do you want to test the hypothesis? In this section, you outline the set-up of your study. If you write a paper based exclusively on previous literature, this section should include information about: (a) Sources: Which texts/approaches/analyses are you going to use? (b) Method and Analysis: How are you going to analyze the texts/approaches/analyses? What do you look for? Which criteria do you apply? How are you going to compare several texts/approaches/analyses? c) Procedure: In which order (of research subquestions) do you tackle the texts/approaches? If you carry out an empirical study, this section should include information about: (c) November 2007, Holger Hopp 2 (a) Participants: How many? What are their characteristics or the selection criteria? Where and how are you going to recruit them? (b) Materials: What are your experimental items like? (c) Design of study: How are you going to construct your items? What are the conditions? What is/are the independent variable/s? What is/are the dependent variable/s? d) Method: Name the method and explain why you opted for it. What task are you going to use? (e) Procedure: How does the task work? How do the items get presented? What do the participants do? (f) Predictions: Break down the hypothesis into experimental predictions according to the design, materials and method of your study. (g) Analysis: State how you are going to classify, group and analyze the results. Which comparisons are you going to make? Which statistical analyses, if any, are you going to use (e. g. frequencies, comparison of means, correlations, etc)? ) What are the expected findings? In this section, you anticipate the findings you think you are going to obtain. Typically, these should be consistent with the prediction flowing from your hypothesis. Write this section in future tense. Do not make up fake data or conclusions! 8) How do the findings speak to the hypothesis? In this section, you explain how you interpret the findings in relation to the hypothesis and how they confirm or disprove the hypothesis. It is interesting to think about unexpected findings: What if the findings turn out differently? Are there any alternative interpretations? 9) What is the expected contribution of your study to the field/research question? Here, you briefly summarize the impact you think your project will have. (c) November 2007, Holger Hopp 3 IV. TIME SCHEDULE Many projects fail because they could not be carried out within the set time limit. Hence, working out a time schedule is essential. In most cases, you can use a table for the time schedule as in the example table (Table 1). Your table may contain more or fewer points. Plan backwards form the date your paper is due and allow for enough time. Total time available Activity 1) Finding and reading previous literature 2) Designing materials 3) Learning how to use method 4) Designing questionnaire 5) Finding participants 6) Running tests 7) Analyzing data †¦ †¦ 8) Writing up 9) Rewriting 10) Thorough proof-reading (if possible also by someone else) 11) Submission 4 months (until 31 January 2 ) Time period Dates (from X until Y) 3 weeks 1 October – 21 October 1 week 2 weeks 22 October – 31 October 22 October – 6 November If you work in a team, state how you are going to divide work and who does what when. V. STRUCTURE OF PAPER In this section, you provide a preliminary Table of Contents of your paper that illustrates the structure of the paper. For each section, indicate how long it will approximately be and what the main points are in it. VI. REFERENCES You should list all references cited in the proposal. Make sure these references are up-to-date and conform to the department’s ABC’s of style (see departmental website). The final steps Read through your proposal and use this guideline as a checklist. Make sure you have addressed all relevant points.

How To Install Microsoft Access 2013

How To Install Microsoft Access 2013 Due to its widespread availability and flexible functionality, Microsoft Access is arguably the most popular database software in use today. Here we explain the Access 2013 installation process in a straightforward manner.  In order to install Access, youll need Access or Office installer (on CD or downloaded file). If you are trying to install an earlier version of Microsoft Access, see ​our guide on installing Microsoft Access 2010. Heres How Verify that your system meets the basic requirements for Access. Youll need at least a 1GHz  or faster processor with 1GB of RAM. Youll also need at least 3GB of free hard disk space.Ensure that your operating system is up-to-date. Youll need Windows 7 or later to run Access 2013. Its a good idea to apply all security updates and hotfixes to your system before installing access by visiting the Microsoft Updates site.Launch the Office installer.  If you are working from a downloaded copy of Office, open the file that you downloaded from Microsoft.  If you are using an installation disc, insert it in your optical drive. The installation process will begin automatically and ask you to wait while the system connects to your account.You will then be prompted to sign in to your Microsoft account.  You may choose to provide your account information by clicking the orange Sign In button or you may opt to bypass this process by clicking the No thanks, maybe later link.The installer wi ll then ask you if you wish to learn more about whats new in Office 2013.  You may choose to view this information by clicking the Take a look button or bypass this step by clicking the No thanks  link. Youll then be asked to wait a few minutes while the Office 2013 installer completes its work.When the installation completes, you may be prompted to restart your computer. Go ahead and do so.When your computer restarts, the first thing you should do is visit the Microsoft Update site  to download any security patches for Access. This is a critical step.

Communicative Intent in Autistic Children

Communicative Intent in Autistic Children Communicative Intent is critical for developing communication skills. In typical children the desire to communicate wants and desires is innate: even if they have impaired hearing, they will indicate wants and desires through eye gaze, pointing, even vocalizations. Many children with disabilities, especially developmental delays and autism spectrum disorders, are not hard-wired to respond to other individuals in their environment.  They may also lack Theory of Mind, or the ability to understand that other people have thoughts that are separate from their own.  They may even believe that other people are thinking what they are thinking, and may get angry because significant adults do not know what is happening. Children Who Lack Communicative Intent Children with autism spectrum disorders, especially children with apraxia (difficulty with forming words and sounds) may even show less interest than skill in communication. They may have difficulty understanding agency the ability of an individual to impact his or her environment. Sometimes loving parents will over-function for a child, anticipating his (most often) or her every need.  Their desire to care for their child may eliminate opportunities for the children to express intent.  The failure to support building communicative intent may also lead to maladaptive or violent behavior, as the child wants to communicate, but significant others have not been attending to the child. Another behavior that masks a childs lack of communicative intent is echolalia.  Echolalia is when a child will repeat what he or she hears on the television, from an important adult, or on a favorite recording.  Children who have speech may not actually be expressing desires or thoughts, merely repeating something they have heard.  In order to move a child from echolalia to intent, it is important for the parent/therapist/teacher to create situations where the child must communicate. Developing Communicative Intent Communicative intent can be developed by letting children see preferred items but blocking their access to those same items. They can learn to point or perhaps exchange a picture for the item (PECS, Picture Exchange Communication System.) However the communicative intent is developed, it will be reflected in a childs repeated attempt to acquire something he or she wants. Once a child has found a means to express communicative intent by pointing, by bringing a picture, or by uttering an approximation, he or she has their foot on the first step toward communication.  Speech pathologists may support teachers or other therapy providers (ABA, or TEACCH, perhaps) to assess whether the child will be able to produce vocalizations that they can control and shape into understandable utterances. Example Jason Clarke, the BCBA in charge of Justins ABA therapy, was concerned that Justin spent most of his time in self-stimulatory behavior, and seemed to show little communicative intent during his observation of Justin in his home.

Learn How to Conjugate the French Abolir (to Abolish)

Learn How to Conjugate the French Abolir (to Abolish) The French verb for to abolish is  abolir. It is one of the easiest to conjugate because it is a regular verb and follows a distinct pattern.   Conjugating the French  Abolir In French, verbs need to be conjugated to match the tense and the subject of the sentence. We do the same in English by adding -s or -ed to verbs, its just a little more complex in French. However, the good news here is that  abolir  is a  regular -ir verb. That means that it follows the conjugation pattern of similar verbs that end with -ir  and once you learn one, the rest are relatively easy. To conjugate  abolir, match the subject pronoun the I, you, we, etc. or, in French,  j, tu, nous   with the tense. The present, future, and imperfect past tenses are listed in this chart. For instance, to say I abolish, you would say jabolis. To say we will abolish, it is nous abolirons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j abolis abolirai abolissais tu abolis aboliras abolissais il abolit abolira abolissait nous abolissons abolirons abolissions vous abolissez abolirez abolissiez ils abolissent aboliront abolissaient The Present Participle of  Abolir The present participle of  abolir  is  abolissant. The  -ant  ending is equivalent to the English  -ing  and, therefore, refers to abolishing. When constructing sentences, you can use this as an adjective, gerund, noun, or verb. The Passà © Composà ©Ã‚  Form of  Abolir The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is used often in French to express the past tense, in this case abolished. Its very easy to conjugate, you simply need a couple of things. First of all, the  auxiliary (or helping) verb  that is used with abolir  is  avoir. This will need to be conjugated to fit the subject and tense. Then, ​you need the  past participle  of abolir  and that is aboli. With that information, you can easily say I abolished, in French: jai aboli. More Conjugations for Abolir Those are the basic conjugations for  abolir, but there are more. You may not use all of these though its good to be aware of them in case you do. The subjunctive is used when the verb is uncertain and the conditional when its dependent upon something. The passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are primarily used in formal writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j abolisse abolirais abolis abolisse tu abolisses abolirais abolis abolisses il abolisse abolirait abolit abolt nous abolissions abolirions abolmes abolissions vous abolissiez aboliriez aboltes abolissiez ils abolissent aboliraient abolirent abolissent You may also use the imperative with  abolir. This verb form is used in short, direct sentences that are more of a command or request. To use the imperative, you do not have to include the subject pronoun as it is implied in the verb. For instance, rather than tu abolis, you can simply say abolis. Imperative (tu) abolis (nous) abolissons (vous) abolissez

Cap task 3 step#1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cap task 3 step#1 - Term Paper Example The duty of New York Downtown hospital is to have a positive influence on existence and health of persons and population through issuing quality services directed by Christian values. This hospital employs the best physicians and nurses who issue patients with splendid health care in state-of-the-art skills. The only problem it is facing is the fact that it has a lot more clients than it can serve. The customer service seems inefficient not because the doctors and nurses are not skilled, but because of the excess number of patients being received on a daily basis. This problem is affecting the efficiency and of operation of the New York Downtown Hospital in many ways. First, the organization is receiving large numbers of patients with related problems that sometimes are unable to handle. Second, several people in the region are losing their lives due to this poor attendance by the doctors and nurses who are forced to rush on their services in order to attend almost all patients. This is a major challenge that requires a quick solution to save the lives of the Manhattan residents. The problem also causes distrust among the Manhattan patients who feel they do not receive effective treatment they deserve (Preston, 2010). New York Downtown hospital has been conscious about this challenge for some time and has put into practice some measures to lessen the prevalence and if possible, curb the problem. The problem has brought fourth other effects like poor customer service and poor sanitation which lead to other complications. The broad problem statement is how to curb the effects related to this problem. People are losing their lives which can be saved if correct measures are put in place (Preston, 2010). Individuals in the Manhattan region are still dying of poor sanitation, and related diseases. Most of them also lose their lives from poor services they receive due to the haste employed by the doctors and nurses in the

How Technology is Advancing Very Fast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How Technology is Advancing Very Fast - Essay Example Ranging from the home appliance to commercial usage transportation to gadgets, all inventions can be routed back to 20th century .The first few decades of previous century saw rapid growth when motor cars and aero planes were introduced on commercial scale(Anderson, pg88) . In modern times the foundation of modern technological can be traced back to mid 20th century. Von Neumann and Steve Jobs are two the names that must be mentioned whenever there is a debate on the advancements in modern time (Slater, pg 310) .The former is responsible for the computer architecture that is predominantly being used all over the world, while the latter is the man responsible for the current state of the art technology all around us. Technological advancements are not limited to only one field and all departments of life have undergone massive technological transitions over age. A characteristic attribute of technology is its fast paced changing trend. Any invention that is a buzz word in present beco mes obsolete in future days. Many examples can be traced back from history where things and inventions have become obsolete in matter of few years. A characteristic of technology and its advancement is the fact that things change very rapidly and things in trend today become relics in very short time. All the electronic equipment that once appeared novel few years back is out of trend and considered obsolete. Prime example can be the computer world where large sized monitors were in trend few years back, however they are rapidly replaced by L.C.Ds and L.E.Ds. In case of processors, Pentium family was in demand and dominance less than five years ago; this all has been replaced by multi core processors and brands. Electronics in general are ubiquitously found all around; examples can be traced from other walks of life as well. Televisions, Air conditioners, lifts in building, other home appliances have literally revolutionized the world of electronics. The old traditional railway syst em is being replaced by bullet trains. As the name implies they travel at a real fast speed. This like many others is one of the gifts of technology and a modern shape of technology. Bullet trains are fully functional in many parts of the world especially Europe (Olson, et al.,pg71, 2009). In the field of communications massive developments have taken place. Starting from ancient modes of communication to wired mode of transmission that dominated the mid 20th century to the mobile phone communications .The last decade of 20th century saw an upsurge in the field of wireless technologies. It all started with 1st generation of mobile phone standards, soon they were revamped into 2nd generation mobile standards, and the current state of the art technological generation is 3G and 4G that has given a new look to the world of communications (Korhonen). This can be described as the hardcore interface transition of technology. In the field of gadgets and mobile phone devices, touch phones ar e the order of the day. Keypad enabled phones and hard keyed phones are thing of past. Sensor based softwares are fully functional in mobile phones. The operating systems that run underneath the surface of all we see in our mobile phones have also emerged through different phases. The most user friendly interfaces are in trend and every second operating system is open sourced that enables maximum interaction of customers with the platform developers.

Marking Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marking Mix - Essay Example The main challenges are limited distribution facilities and narrow market. This, product diversification has been used to dispose of by-products and to capitalize on a company's research-and-development efforts. In fact, the diversification of a product line has been a basic way of achieving long-term market survival. If one considers the rapid technological advances that are being made and the new products being developed, then diversification does not become an incidental or peripheral activity, but a pivotal activity worthy of vigorous and sustained pursuit. The Temperature Sensors are safe for users, so any ethical or social problems are exist. If the company starts to sell this product in other regions, it should ensure that Temperature Sensors are suitable for different temperature regimes and can be used in countries with severe weather conditions. Also, it is important to product Temperature Sensors with scales and marks on different languages so target population can easily read and understand the product information. Gray leaf spot resistant is a new chemical product aimed to protect vegetation from gray leaf spot disease. This is an improvement of existing products. In this case, attempts to diversify product lines create a risk, for dealer and customer reaction is always uncertain. To some extent, the risk may be reduced through the use of marketing intelligence, as is the case when products that enjoy good differential advantages are discovered. A product- program starts with screening and then consideration of what is to be done to bring a product to the market. Firms may follow a check list that covers various aspects of product introduction, based on a study of trade practices. Product diversification may result in either trading up or trading down. In trading up, the manufacturer adds related items to his line that will sell for an increase in price, whereas trading down is the reverse process. There are two objectives involved in a decision to increase the number of variations in price a nd quality: to gain sales by catering to a new segment of the market, and to gain sales in the existing market by trading up or down (Dobson and Starkey 2004). The main ethical and social concerns are safety of chemicals and effectiveness of the product, environmental and legal compliance. If the company wants to sell this product overseas, it is important to take into account legal regulations and standards applied to chemical products and pesticides in a foreign country. The company should test the product in different environment and ensure it is safe enough for different geographical locations and weather conditions. As markets become more heterogeneous, and diverse products are developed to satisfy them, manufacturing efficiency will decline (Paley, 2006). Ramadan Iftar Box 2 is a revision of the existing product line popular in Lebanon. This product is a reaction to competitor's moves and consist of adjustments of current product lines, or they may involve the development of new products. The former are mainly defensive moves and the latter mainly offensive (Paley, 2006). Most companies use the defensive strategies to improve the profitability of existing lines and develop new products to meet competitors' lines. However, the